Près d’une année près la signature, à Paris, d’un accord historique visant à limiter le réchauffement climatique, les 196 États acteurs des négociations sont réunis depuis lundi 7 novembre, à Marrakech (Maroc), pour la 22e conférence des Nations unies sur le climat (COP22). Objectif de cette COP22 : concrétiser les engagements pris l’an passé, à l’issue de la COP21.
Ce lundi 7 novembre 2016, la grande salle plénière des Nations unies a fait le plein. Ségolène Royal, ministre française de l’Environnement, de l’Energie et de la Mer, chargée des Relations internationales sur le climat, a eu l’honneur de déclarer l’ouverture officielle de la Conférence.
En sa qualité de présidente de la COP21, elle s’est réjouie du succès de l’édition précédente, saluant au passage la ratification de l’Accord de Paris par 100 pays à la date du 6 novembre 2016. « Nous avons rendu possible ce qui était dit impossible, avec obstination, sans jamais relâcher l’effort. C’est un moment historique dans l’humanité. Nous pouvons être fiers de notre travail », a indiqué Ségolène Royal.
Reste que de nombreux pays hésitent encore à signer le document. « Je lance un appel aux 96 pays qui n’ont pas encore ratifié l’Accord de Paris de le faire avant la fin de l’année 2016 », a plaidé la ministre française. Au passage, elle a exprimé un satisfecit pour l’engagement des pays africains : « dans ce combat contre le réchauffement climatique, les pays africains sont les plus mobilisés, créatifs et engagés. Ils inventent le monde de demain avec le plan de l’Union africaine de produire de 50% des énergies renouvelables à l’horizon 2030. » Et Ségolène Royal d’ajouter : « J’en profite donc pour demander la justice climatique pour l’Afrique. C’est là que se trouve la priorité et l’espérance ».
Pour Salaheddine Mezouar, ministre des Affaires étrangères du Maroc, à qui revient de porter le flambeau de la COP22, il existe désormais un « contexte porteur d’espoir et d’attente pour l’ensemble de l’humanité, dont des pans entier souffrent au quotidien ». La prise de conscience est collective : il faut apporter des réponses tangibles au plan climatique.
« Il nous appartient d’être à la hauteur de ce défi planétaire. +Le soleil n’ignore pas un village parce qu’il est petit+ », a poursuivi le ministre en citant un proverbe africain. « La mobilisation inédite et la volonté politique exprimée au plus haut niveau ont été couronnées par l’entrée en vigueur de l’Accord de Paris. C’est une avancée inédite, accomplie. Il nous faut capitaliser sur ce dynamise par le biais de décisions orientées vers la mise en œuvre », a soutenu Salaheddine Mezouar.
Si la COP21 de Paris a débouché sur un accord qui engage les pays, la COP22 à Marrakech doit faire place à l’action, aux dires du chef de la diplomatie marocaine. Pour ce faire, son pays propose la création d’une plate-forme de plusieurs pays afin d’accompagner la mise en forme des engagements pris, il y a un an. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, le royaume chérifien entend favoriser un dialogue ouvert avec toutes les parties prenantes.
« Nous devons œuvrer à renforcer les mécanismes. Il doit intervenir à tous les niveaux, des petits projets aux grands, transcendant les frontières dans le cadre de partenariats gagnant-gagnant. Et puis, ce n’est pas un simple changement qu’il nous faut. Il faut également un changement civilisationnel, il nous faut aujourd’hui mettre en avant les modèles de développement innovants à même de transformer toutes les économiques, du Nord et du Sud. Nous devrons faire montre de transparence », a plaidé le ministre Mezouar.
Une idée que partage Patricia Espinoza, secrétaire exécutive de la conférence des parties (acronyme en anglais UNFCCC « Travaillons de concert rapidement et sur tous les fronts. Les ressources financières sont disponibles, mais ne sont pas suffisantes. Alors, les contributions nationales doivent être intégrées aux politiques nationales. Ensemble nous pouvons faire de la COP de Paris une réalité ».
ADDIS Ababa, Ethiopia (PAMACC News) - As the sixth session of the Climate Change and Development for Africa (CCDA_CI) came to a close, Justus Kabyemera, Coordinator – ClimDev Africa Special Fund at the African Development Bank called on Africa to resolve the issue of gender and inclusivity for climate change and development sooner than later.
“Of course there are issues that remain to be sorted out, but as most of you highlighted in the course of the discussions, we need to be more strategic and assertive in our decisions. Issues of gender and inclusivity for climate change and development are some of the gaps that we need to resolve sooner than later,” he said.
He pointed out that throughout the discussions, it came clear that there was need of a coordinated and programmatic approach to climate change initiatives across the continent.
“Working in silos or doing business as usual is no longer tenable especially as we grapple with the meager resources at our disposal,” he told the conference, which was attended by different government representatives, members of parliament, civil society among other.
“We need to leverage and compliment the resources and build on the capacities of all players in the climate change arena. There is need to scale up the various initiatives, including climate services, loss and damage mechanism/models, early warning systems; but also domesticated approaches as the countries brace to implement their NDC within the framework of the Paris Agreement,” said Kabyemera.
He promised that the Bank, within the framework of ClimDev Africa and more so the Climate Change Action Plan for the period 2016 -2020 and the Feed Africa Strategy will enhance its financial and technical support to the cause of climate change across the continent.
“The Bank will continue to support the African Group of Negotiators to strengthen the African voice at international climate forums for affirmative action. We pledge to assist and facilitate countries in the implementation of their NDCs,” he said.
The bank seeks to collaborate with other partners in the implementation of both the Adaptation for African Agriculture – Triple A and Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI), which we hope will be closely linked for the creation of synergies between them.
Kabyemera pointed out that the CCDA-VI had set pace not only for COP-22, but also for CCDA-VII, which is expected to be a trend setter for the implementation of the Paris Agreement on the Continent.
“It is our hope that all African countries will have ratified their NDCs with well guided and articulate policy frameworks at the country level to guide the implementation process. This is one aspect that we all need to collaborate to accomplish. We look forward to collaborating with you all in the implementation of the Paris Agreement in a well-coordinated and programmatic manner,” he said.
ADDIS Ababa, Ethiopia (PAMACC News) - As the sixth session of the Climate Change and Development for Africa (CCDA_CI) came to a close, Justus Kabyemera, Coordinator – ClimDev Africa Special Fund at the African Development Bank called on Africa to resolve the issue of gender and inclusivity for climate change and development sooner than later.
“Of course there are issues that remain to be sorted out, but as most of you highlighted in the course of the discussions, we need to be more strategic and assertive in our decisions. Issues of gender and inclusivity for climate change and development are some of the gaps that we need to resolve sooner than later,” he said.
He pointed out that throughout the discussions, it came clear that there was need of a coordinated and programmatic approach to climate change initiatives across the continent.
“Working in silos or doing business as usual is no longer tenable especially as we grapple with the meager resources at our disposal,” he told the conference, which was attended by different government representatives, members of parliament, civil society among other.
“We need to leverage and compliment the resources and build on the capacities of all players in the climate change arena. There is need to scale up the various initiatives, including climate services, loss and damage mechanism/models, early warning systems; but also domesticated approaches as the countries brace to implement their NDC within the framework of the Paris Agreement,” said Kabyemera.
He promised that the Bank, within the framework of ClimDev Africa and more so the Climate Change Action Plan for the period 2016 -2020 and the Feed Africa Strategy will enhance its financial and technical support to the cause of climate change across the continent.
“The Bank will continue to support the African Group of Negotiators to strengthen the African voice at international climate forums for affirmative action. We pledge to assist and facilitate countries in the implementation of their NDCs,” he said.
The bank seeks to collaborate with other partners in the implementation of both the Adaptation for African Agriculture – Triple A and Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI), which we hope will be closely linked for the creation of synergies between them.
Kabyemera pointed out that the CCDA-VI had set pace not only for COP-22, but also for CCDA-VII, which is expected to be a trend setter for the implementation of the Paris Agreement on the Continent.
“It is our hope that all African countries will have ratified their NDCs with well guided and articulate policy frameworks at the country level to guide the implementation process. This is one aspect that we all need to collaborate to accomplish. We look forward to collaborating with you all in the implementation of the Paris Agreement in a well-coordinated and programmatic manner,” he said.
ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia (PAMACC News) - Human migration from one place to another due to different reasons has been linked to destruction of ecosystems as the migrants struggle to settle in the new areas, thus impacting on the prevailing climatic conditions.
Addressing the sixth Climate Change and Development in Africa (CCDA-VI), Prof Araya Asfaw of the Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre in Ethiopia observed that migrants end up clearing forest cover to create space for settlement, destroy wetlands and in some cases destroy natural habitats for wildlife.
“When people move, they deforest, and they destroy wetlands,” said Prof Asfaw, noting that most of the migration activities happen in the Horn of Africa region.
Trees are generally known to sequester carbon dioxide, which is the main driver for global warming. And when tree cover is cleared to create space for human settlement, experts say that it directly impacts on the climate.
There is evidence that forced migration is a serious, protracted, and in some areas, an expanding problem across Africa, particularly south of the Sahara.
According to the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), conflicts and insecurity are major causes or drivers of forced migration in Africa. Across the continent, in Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan, OSAA notes that including violent conflict and insecurity have resulted in forced displacement, both within and across borders, with dire consequences for vulnerable populations, including women, children, the aged and disabled.
A detailed study titled ‘Global Trends’, which tracks forced displacement worldwide based on data from governments, partner agencies and UNHCR’s own reporting, found a total 65.3 million people were displaced at the end of 2015, compared to 59.5 million just 12 months earlier.
This, according to experts, has highly contributed to distortion of the ecosystem, hence, impacting on climate change. This trend is expected to continue as conflicts continue to sour in many parts of the world.
The experts therefore called for integrated policies that can help address such issues.
Apart from forced migration, Prof Asfaw also pointed out that due to the increasing population and search for better livelihoods, there has been increased rural urban migration in the recent past, a trend that is also expected to increase in the near future.
So far, noted Prof Asfew, Ethiopia’s is an example whose population has been increasing steadily, and it has grown four folds in the past decade, putting more pressure on urban centres.
A study by Jukka Heinonen of Aalto University School of Engineering points out that the per capita emissions related to city Sustainability lifestyle are substantially higher than those related to rural and semi-urban lifestyles in the Finnish context.
Other people argue that urban dwellers often use vehicles for commuting shorter distances compared to rural dwellers, hence emitting more carbon into the atmosphere. Urban dwellers as well use coolers such as refrigerators, which emit hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
HFCs, also known as "super greenhouse gases," are known to be the most potent greenhouse gases because the combined effect of their soaring use and high global warming potential could undercut the benefits expected from the reduction of other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Experts say that HFCs are 3,830 times more potent than CO2 with a lifetime of 14 years.
Though the world is currently negotiating the phase-down of the HFCs, it remains a huge concern because the phase-down is likely going to take some years, while the world population and the need to use cooling systems continue to increase.
“We expect most of the African population to urbanize, and this is going to have an impact on climate change,” said Ibrahim Ceesay, the Chairperson of the Africa Youth Alliance on Sustainable Development, noting that most of the people who move to urban areas are the youth.
The experts therefore noted that human migration is an important subject to be considered at all levels of climate discourse.
PAMACC News Agency
