YAOUNDE, Cameroon (PAMACC News) - The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the Government of Chad are firming up the Action Plan for the Elaboration of the Economic Diversification Strategy of the country which they’ve agreed to hinge on the development of agribusiness; the expansion of the livestock sector with a focus on leather and meat production; and the smooth entry of the country into the knowledge economy.
These were identified as anchor points for the country’s economic diversification strategy during an advisory mission to N’Djamena from 15 to 22 July 2018 by a team of ECA experts that held productive working sessions with the country’s Technical Committee on Economic Diversification under the auspices of the Minister of Economy and Development Planning – Mr. Issa Doubragne. The July mission to Chad comes after a successful scoping mission 4 months ago and tallies squarely with the recommendations of the Douala Consensus of September 2017 that calls on governments and industry captains in Central Africa to swing into the rapid diversification and industrialization of their economies.
The working teams identified renewable energy, especially solar; increasing access to Chad’s rich acquirers to expand irrigation; deepening education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and offering more access to Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), as some key enablers of the Strategy.
They concurred that to effectively tease out and implement the pillars of the economic diversification strategies outlined above, efforts should be deployed to create special economic zones, industrial parks and growth clusters along transport corridors.
The working groups evoked the need to establish these factors within a solid framework in which the pursuit of long-term macroeconomic objectives would be articulated.
A consensus was also reached on the need for Chad to devise robust macroeconomic models, develop value-chain and product space analysis as well as economic growth diagnostic studies. These, they concurred, would support project definition, prioritization and investment-targeting, as well as better inform negotiations with international financial institutions.
The ECA team used the mission to underline the need for Chad to approach economic diversification and industrialization in line with the opportunities opened up by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Hence, the need to advance with market integration in Central Africa was recognized as critical to making the country a competitive investment destination. This in itself, would enable Chad to make the most of the trade-induced industrialization catalysts offered by the AfCFTA.
The Chadian and ECA parties also agreed that in its pursuit of economic diversification and industrialization, Chad needs to strengthen policy coherence and thread institutional cohesiveness.
Work in the months ahead is expected to fructify the Action Plan for the Elaboration of the Economic Diversification Strategy into a concrete structural transformation policy instrument for Chad.
YAOUNDE, Cameroon (PAMACC News) - The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the Government of Chad are firming up the Action Plan for the Elaboration of the Economic Diversification Strategy of the country which they’ve agreed to hinge on the development of agribusiness; the expansion of the livestock sector with a focus on leather and meat production; and the smooth entry of the country into the knowledge economy.
These were identified as anchor points for the country’s economic diversification strategy during an advisory mission to N’Djamena from 15 to 22 July 2018 by a team of ECA experts that held productive working sessions with the country’s Technical Committee on Economic Diversification under the auspices of the Minister of Economy and Development Planning – Mr. Issa Doubragne. The July mission to Chad comes after a successful scoping mission 4 months ago and tallies squarely with the recommendations of the Douala Consensus of September 2017 that calls on governments and industry captains in Central Africa to swing into the rapid diversification and industrialization of their economies.
The working teams identified renewable energy, especially solar; increasing access to Chad’s rich acquirers to expand irrigation; deepening education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and offering more access to Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), as some key enablers of the Strategy.
They concurred that to effectively tease out and implement the pillars of the economic diversification strategies outlined above, efforts should be deployed to create special economic zones, industrial parks and growth clusters along transport corridors.
The working groups evoked the need to establish these factors within a solid framework in which the pursuit of long-term macroeconomic objectives would be articulated.
A consensus was also reached on the need for Chad to devise robust macroeconomic models, develop value-chain and product space analysis as well as economic growth diagnostic studies. These, they concurred, would support project definition, prioritization and investment-targeting, as well as better inform negotiations with international financial institutions.
The ECA team used the mission to underline the need for Chad to approach economic diversification and industrialization in line with the opportunities opened up by the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). Hence, the need to advance with market integration in Central Africa was recognized as critical to making the country a competitive investment destination. This in itself, would enable Chad to make the most of the trade-induced industrialization catalysts offered by the AfCFTA.
The Chadian and ECA parties also agreed that in its pursuit of economic diversification and industrialization, Chad needs to strengthen policy coherence and thread institutional cohesiveness.
Work in the months ahead is expected to fructify the Action Plan for the Elaboration of the Economic Diversification Strategy into a concrete structural transformation policy instrument for Chad.
Patrick Makuluni is a lecturer in the Mining Department of the University of Malawi, the Polytechnic and he is participating in a scientific research known as ‘Hidden Crisis’, under a project aimed at Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the benefit of the poor (UpGro).
Makuluni holds MSc in Mineral Exploration and Mining Geology from Curtin University in Australia and BSc in Civil Engineering from University of Malawi, the Polytechnic.
Recently, the scientist published a paper showing how to recognise where sediments (the exact piece of rock) are coming from by using the geometrical properties of the sediments as opposed to the more expensive methods that have been used previously.
PAMACC News reporter Isaiah Esipisu interviewed Makuluni during the recently concluded 41st Water Engineering and Development Center (WEDC) conference at the Engerton University, in Kenya’s Nakuru County. Below are the excerpts:
Q. How did you know about the UpGro project, and how did you join the team?
I was recruited by the Principal Investigator for the Hidden Crisis Project, Professor, Eng. Theresa Mkandawire. By then, September 2017, I was just coming into Malawi from Australia where I was doing my MSc in Mineral Exploration and Mining Geology. This was after data collection of phase one of the UpGro project had just been completed.
Q. In which UpGro study are you working on in Malawi?
I am the team leader for the physical science team of the phase two of the Hidden Crisis Project in Malawi. The study project seeks to completely understand failures of water points and how to keep water flowing from boreholes to reduce waste and thus improve water services for Africa’s poorest communities.
Q. What are the early findings of the study?
Some of the early findings of the study include the following: Functionality of boreholes in Malawi has been affected by theft and vandalism. This comes in because of lack of proper security principles from the borehole users and other factors beyond their control.
Poor water quality in some boreholes has also led people to stop using such boreholes and look for alternative sources.
Most boreholes have failed due to poor or lack of proper maintenance. This has been due to several factors including poverty, lack of proper management to raise funds for maintenance among other reasons.
Poor downhole conditions also leads to frequent borehole breakdowns and poor water quality which both affect the borehole functionality. Some or most of the boreholes have silted up which reduces their capacity to cater for the communities.
Political issues from the government and within the communities also affect borehole functionality.
Q. What new lessons have you learned through this study?
This study has taught me a lot of lessons. Firstly, I have learned how to be a good team leader in the field and in the offices. Being in the field (remote areas) is not an easy thing and more to that, making sure that every member of the team is happy with all the activities was not an easy thing.
I have also learned to persevere during hostile conditions while making sure that goals of the project are being achieved. More importantly I have gained a lot of technical skills including hydrogeological skills, field water chemistry, pumping and recovery tests and those involving groundwater and community water point management. I have also gained research skills.
Q. How has the UpGro work impacted on your teaching career?
Teaching/lecturing in college goes hand in hand with research. Thus, research is a vital component in every lecturer’s career and Hidden Crisis Project has improved my research skills and increased my desire to publish more. The data we have gotten from this project will be available for research and publication of various papers which I intend to be part of.
Q. What message would you give to your students based on this project?
In the mining industry, areas that have not been explored properly or thoroughly are called “Green Areas/fields”. So, the message to my students is that ground water in Malawi and most of African countries is a green field. There is more that people do not know about ground water, additionally, groundwater has the potential to reduce water problems and poverty in Malawi thereby ameliorating living standards. More research is needed in this area
Q. What areas do you think may need further study in regard to unlocking the potential of groundwater?
• The direct link between the geochemical properties of rocks around a water point and the water chemistry which may have impact on borehole functionality
• How different people’s beliefs impact on water point management which affects functionality of boreholes. This might involve comparing borehole functionality within areas inhabited by people of different tribes, beliefs and social-political norms
• How different geological environments affect the silting up of boreholes which may have an impact on functionality of boreholes
Q. What are your future plans beyond UpGro project?
I want to pursue my PhD and continue with more research
Patrick was one of the UPGro Early Career Researchers that presented their work at the 41st WEDC Conference at Egerton University, Nakuru Kenya (9-13 July 2018)
BUJUMBURA, Burundi, (PAMACC News) - Pour faire face à la déforestation abusive, des initiatives privées voient le jour pour sauver l’arbre. C’est le cas de l’entreprise privée Burundi Quality Stoves (B.Q.S) qui fabrique, à base des déchets agro-pastoraux, des briquettes utilisées pour la cuisson.
Les parches de café, les balles de riz, les copeaux de bois, les déchets de coton, la bouse de vache, … sont désormais valorisés. « Leur mixage donne des briquettes avec une valeur calorifique très élevée par rapport aux charbons ou bois de chauffage », décrit Dénis Ntibandetse, Chef du personnel au B.Q.S.
Cette valeur se situe entre 3900 et 4000 kilocalories (kcal) tandis qu’elle varie entre 3000 et 3800 kcals pour le charbon. Et de définir : « La calorie est l’unité d’énergie nécessaire pour élever la température d’un gramme d’eau de 1°C ».
L’idée de la création de cette entreprise ayant été importée d’Asie. Et ce, motive-t-il, dans le but de protéger l’environnement, créer l’emploi et permettre aux ménages de faire des économies.
La fabrication suit tout un processus : « Après la collecte, il faut une période de séchage au soleil car certains déchets comme la bouse de vache ont un taux d’humidité assez élevé ».
Vient ensuite l’étape du mélange, selon la disponibilité des matières premières. « La part de la parche du café est toujours supérieure avec un taux de 40% par rapport aux autres matières parce qu’elle a un pouvoir calorifique plus élevé. »
Pour avoir 900kg de briquettes, il leur faut une tonne de matières premières. Le Chef du personnel à l’entreprise B.Q.S fait savoir qu’il est impossible d’avoir une briquette avec une seule catégorie de déchets. « Elle ne serait pas consistante. »
Les matières premières sont abondantes et à bon marché. Selon lui, 1 kg de parche de café étant acheté à 40 BIF (0,02$) par kg, celui des balles du riz à 100 BIF (0,05$) par kg tandis qu’une benne de la bouse de vache 50.000 BIF (28,34$). « Et le produit final est vendu à 350BIF (0,19$) le kg ». Un sac de charbon de 50 kg étant vendu actuellement à 29.000BIF (16,43$).
Les usagers sont satisfies
« A un ménage ou une école par exemple, elles permettent de diminuer 4 fois les dépenses mensuelles », affirme M.Ntibandetse. Soit 1.500BIF (0,8$) de thésaurisation par jour pour un ménage dépensant 2.000BIF (1,1$) par jour en charbon. Le temps de la cuisson est également réduit.
Il est respectivement estimé à 10 minutes pour l’eau bouillante de la pâte à farine de manioc ou de maïs, 30 minutes pour le riz et une heure et demi pour les haricots.
M. Ntibandetse décrit ces briquettes comme des biocombustibles très peu polluants et avec un taux de cendres très abattu. « 2 à 5% contre 15% pour le charbon ». Leur disponibilité quelle que soit la saison est également la spécialité de ces briquettes.
Les usagers ne disent pas le contraire. « C’est vraiment un meilleur combustible », témoigne Dieudonné Manampa, directeur de l’Ecole d’Excellence de Matana, province Bururi, au sud du Burundi, à une soixantaine de km de Bujumbura, la capitale.
Depuis son utilisation, il y a trois ans, ces briquettes leur ont permis de réduire le personnel de cuisine surtout les bûcherons : « Elles n’exigent pas trop d’efforts. Après leur alimentation, les cuisiniers peuvent vaquer à d’autres activités.»
Les dépenses en approvisionnement en combustibles ont été réduites à zéro. B.Q.S. met à leur disposition des fours, des foyers améliorés compatibles avec ces briquettes. Leur prix varie entre 5000BIF (2,8$) et 15.000 BIF (8,5$).
Au niveau des ménages, Joseph Kabura, un père de famille, de Mutanga-Nord, commune Ntahangwa, au nord de Bujumbura, abonde dans le même sens: « Avec le charbon, je déboursais autour de 58.000BIF (32,8$) par mois. Mais, 3 kg de briquettes suffisent par jour. J’ai un gain de 26.500BIF (15$) par mois ».
Sauver l’arbre pour un développement durable
Au Burundi, le taux de déforestation a atteint, il y a quatre ans, 9% selon les données du ministère en chargé de l’environnement. La même source indique que dans la seconde moitié des années 1970, le gouvernement burundais d’alors (2ème République dirigée par Feu Jean Baptiste Bagaza), s'est investi dans un vaste programme de reboisement avec l'appui des bailleurs de fonds et donateurs. Ainsi que le taux de couverture forestière est passé de 3% en 1978 à 7% en 1993.
Des efforts qui ont été presque réduits à zéro par la crise politico-ethnique de 1993. Ce qui a entraîné la destruction d'environ 30.000 hectares de boisements, selon les données du même ministère. A cela, il faut ajouter que plus de 90 % des Burundais utilisent le bois comme source d’énergies pour cuire.
En fabriquant les briquettes, B.Q.S se veut protecteur de l’arbre. Ici, M. Ntibandetse signale que 4000 ha d’arbres sont sauvegardés par an. Une contribution importante pour stopper la déforestation et faire face aux changements climatiques.
En effet, explique-t-il, 1 ha d’arbres donne 60 tonnes de bois soit six tonnes de charbon. « Ce qui constitue une consommation journalière moyenne de 3.000 ménages ». Et d’en déduire que la coupe de bois est réduite à 90%, permettant également la protection de la couche d’ozone.
